Persian Medicine Terminology

The present list of standard terminology of Persian Medicine has been prepared by a group of experts in Persian Medicine and English language in order to promote using standard equivalents for Persian Medicine terms and pave the way for indexing these terms in the MeSH Database.

Term ID	Term	Transliteration	English Equivalent	Short Definition	Description	Read More
1	نضج	nozj; nuḍǧ	coction	Ripening of matter	Preparation of matter (via rheological change) for digestion, absorbtion, or purgation, either as a physiological process or as a therapeutic measure.	View
2	منضج	monzej; munḍiǧ	coctive	Ripening agent	An agent (drug etc.) that modifies the consistency of humors and prepares them for purgation.	View
3	طبیعت	tabi’at; ṭabī‘ah	nature	Governing power of body	1 Constitution, temperament 2 An inner power governing self-preservation, healing and functions of the body.	View
4	بخار	bokhār; būḫār	vapor	suspended liquid particles	Liquid particles suspended in the air when heat affects the moist part of a substance	View
5	روح	ruh, rūḥ	Pneuma; Spirit	Tenuous vapory matter	Vapory matter formed from tenuous part of humors, categorized as natural, vital and psychic.	View
6	ارواح	arvāh; arwāḥ	Plural of rūḥ			View
7	قوه	qovve, quwwa	Faculty	The ability to execute functions	The capacity to execute (natural, vital and psychic) functions of the body	View
8	قوا	qovā, quwā	Plural of quwwa			View
9	دخان	dokhān; duḫān	Smoke	Suspended solid particles	Solid particles suspended in the air when heat affects the dry part of a substance	View
10	رطوبت	rotūbat; ruṭūbah	1. Moisture 2. Wetness	1 Liquid matter 2 Quality of fluidity and flexibility	1 Liquid matter in the body including humors and aqueous substances 2 The quality of fluidity and flexibility of matter	View
11	رطوبت غریبه	rotūbat-e gharībe	Extraneous Moisture	Abnormal moisture	Abnormal moisture created due to a shortage in the innate heat of the body	View
12	رطوبت فضلیه	rotūbat-e fazliye	Extra Moisture	Reserved moisture in some plants	The moisture reserved in some plants which is not thoroughly blended with other components and is used for growth as required.	View
13	رطوبت اولیه	rotūbat-e avvaliye	Primary Moisture	Humor	Any of the four fundamental humors	View
14	رطوبت ثانویه	rotūbat-e sānaviyye	Secondary Moisture	Extravascular moisture, precursor of organs	The moistures that result from the extravascular transformation of humors and partially become a part of the organs.	View
15	رطوبت اصلیه	rotūbat-e asliyye	Inherent Moisture	Inherent Moisture	Innate moisture at the outset of birth	View
16	رطوبت غریزی	rotūbat-e gharīzī	Radical Moisture	Innate moisture	The moisture that functions as the fuel for innate heat	View
17	رطوبت اسطقسیه	rotūbat-e ostoqossiyye	Elemental Moisture	Moisture binding particles of organs	It is the essential moisture that keeps the particles of organs together.	View
18	محلل	mohallel; muḥallil	Resolvent	Dissolving agent	An agent that can displace and disperse matters by virtue of its heat, and decompose them into their ingredients.	View
19	تحلیل	tahlīl; taḥlīl	Dissolution	Evacuation of matter by dissolving	Subtle evacuation of matter by dissolving and converting it into tiny particles (e.g., vapor)	View
20	انکباب	enkebāb; inkibāb	enkebāb; inkibāb	Medicinal steaming therapy	To treat an affected organ by holding it over the steam risen from a boiled or infused medicine	View
21	نزله	nazleh; nazla	nazleh; nazla	Descent of abnormal moisture	Descent of abnormal moisture from the head down to pharynx, lungs or other organs	View
22	غثیان	ghasayan; ġaṯayān	Nausea	Nausea	The sensation of unease and discomfort often perceived as an urge to vomit.	View
23	سده	sodde; sudda	Obstruction	Obstruction in vessels or ducts	Any (partial or total) blockage in small vessles or ducts caused by ductal contraction, intraductal accumulation of matter or extraductal pressure.	View
24	امتلاء	emtelā'; imtilā'	Plethora	Excessive accumulation of matter	Excessive accumulation of matter in the body associated with quantitative or qualitative abnormality that may result in sensation of heaviness or merely preceiving its effects when the accumulation is quantitative.	View
25	خلط	khelt; ḫilṭ	Humor	Humor	The wet and fluid matter yielded by the first digestion of food including blood, phlegm, chole, and melanchole.	View
26	اخلاط	akhlāt; aḫlāṭ	Humors (pl of Humor)	Humors		View
27	لطیف	latif; laṭīf	Tenuous	Fine and easily disintegrated	The attribute of a matter which is readily disintegrated leading to diluteness, flowability, friability, transparency, being easily affected through contact, or being absorbed by the body easily; COMPARE dense, thick, thin	View
28	کثیف	kasif; kaṯīf	Dense	Dense	The attribute of a matter (usually medicine) which is not readily disintegrated leading to density, stability, opacity, not being easily affected through contact or absorbed by the body; COMPARE thick, tenusous, thin	View
29	جالی	jālī; ǧālī	Abstergent	polishing agent	An agent that wipes the surface of organ clean of viscid fluids	View
30	رکن	rokn; rukn	Element	Primordial element	Any of the four elements which make up the material world, and into which matter is ultimately divisible. Their intermixture results in different temperaments. They include fire, air, water, and earth.	View
31	ارکان	arkān; arkān	Elements (pl of Element)			View
32	حفظ الصحه	hefz os-sehhe; ḥifẓ uṣ-ṣiḥḥa	Health preservation	Preservation of health according to six essentials.	Science of preventive health measures which includes application of the six essentials.	View
33	جوهر	johar; ǧawhar	Substance	Subsisting by itself	That which subsists by itself; counterpart of accident.	View
34	عرض	araz; ‘araḍ	Accident	1 Contingent property 2 Disease/Sign/Symptom	1 A property that the substance has contingently. 2 It is an unnatural state emerging following a disease or its cause. This state can itself be considered a disease, or a sign/symptom.	View
35	گوهر	gawhar	See ǧawhar			View
36	سردی	sardī	Coldness	Coldness	One of the four primary qualities which is associated with density or causes condensation.	View
37	سرد	sard	Cold	Cold	That which possesses or generates coldness potentially or actually.	View
38	گرمی	garmī	Hotness	Hotness	One of the four primary qualities which is associated with sparsity and causes disunity.	View
39	گرم	garm	Hot	Hot	That which possesses or generates hotness potentially or actually.	View
40	تری	tarī	Wetness	Wetness	One of the four primary qualities associated with fluidity and flexibility. COMPARE wetness (ruṭūbat)	View
41	تر	tar	Wet	Wet	That which possesses wetness.	View
42	خشکی	khoshkī	Dryness	Dryness	One of the four primary qualities associated with stability and inflexibility.	View
43	خشک	khoshk	Dry	Dry	That which possesses dryness.	View
44	مسهل	moshel; mushil	Purgative	Evacuating agent acting through intestines	An agent (medicine or food) that penetrates the organs and facilitates the evacuation of abnormal humors from them, which would eventually be expelled from organs and vessels via the intestines	View
45	ملین	molayyen; mulayyin	Laxative	Softening agent	An agent that softens stool and relieves constipation	View
46	غلیظ	ghaliz; ġalīẓ	Thick	Thick	The attribute of a matter with high density or width; COMPARE dense, tenuous, thin	View
47	رقیق	raqīq; raqīq	Thin	Thin, dilute	The attribute denoting low density, diluteness or small width; COMPARE thick, dense, tenuous	View
48	دقیق	daqīq; daqīq	Fine	Narrow, delicate	Narrow (e.g. pulse) or having tiny particles (e.g. powder)	View
49	لزوجت	lozujat; luzūǧa	Viscosity	Viscosity, viscidity	The resistance of a matter to deformation of shape or movement leading to the ability of being extended without disruption.	View
50	هشاشت	heshāshat; hišāša	Brittleness	Crispiness	The property of a matter that readily fractures when subjected to stress or heat.	View
51	غرویت	gharaviyyat; ǧarawiyya	Adhesiveness	Stickiness	The property of a matter that sticks to pores blocking a duct or adheres to surfaces covering them.	View
52	مغری	moghrī; muġrī	Adhesive	Glutinous matter	One that posesses adhesiveness.	View
53	اکتحال	ektehāl; iktiḥāl	Eyelining	Eyelining with a soft powdery medicine	Applying a soft powdery medicine (similar to kohl) to the edge of the eyelids.	View
54	قی	qey; qayy	Emesis	Vomit	Ejecting matter from the stomach through the mouth.	View
55	نبض	nabz; nabḍ	Pulse	Throbbing of the arteries	A rhythmical contraction and expansion of the arteries as blood is propelled through them due to cardiac movement.	View
56	حار غریزی	hārr-e gharīzī	Innate Hot (substances)	Innate Hot (substances)	The substances of radical moisture that function as the fuel for innate heat, or can act as the source of functions.	View
57	حرارت غریزی	harārat-e gharīzī	Innate Heat	Innate heat	The heat resulting from the natural burning of radical moisture.	View
58	حرارت غریبه	harārat-e gharībe	Extraneous Heat	Abnormal heat	The unnatural heat due to an internal or external cause and disturbing the functions.	View
59	حرارت اسطقسی	harārat-e ostoqossī	Elemental Heat	Heat at the level of elements	It is the essential heat at the level of elements that even survives death.	View
60	حرارت عرضی	harārat-e arazī	Accidental Heat	Heat accidental to the body	The heat contingently caused by an external (heat stroke, food, medicine, etc.) or internal origin (fever) that might positively or negatively affect the body.	View
61	حرارت قاصره	harārat-e qāsere	Inadequate Heat	Heat less than required	The heat which is less than the equable amount necessary for a process.	View
62	اعتدال	e'tedāl; i‘tidāl	Equability	Being balanced	The state of being balanced in quantity or quality that can lead to optimal functionality.	View
63	آب زن	ābzan	Immersion bathing	Immersion bathing	Immersing part(s) of the body for a specific duration in water which is usually warm and might be infused with medicine.	View
64	احتراق	ehterāq; iḥtirāq	To burn (intr.), Combustion	Separation of parts due to heat	The seperation of wet and tenuous parts of the substance from the dense ones due to excessive heat (inside or outside of the body) leading to sublimation of the former and sedimentation of the latter.	View
65	احراق	ehrāq; iḥrāq	To burn (tr.)	Separating of parts due to heat	Separating the wet and tenuous parts of matter from the dense parts by virtue of excessive heat.	View
66	دم	dam; damm	Blood	Blood (of the four humors)	One of the four humors; natural blood is red and very sweet, and of hot and wet quality. Its main function is to contribute to nutrition and growth. Unnatural blood can be divided into varieties according to taste, odor, color and consistency.	View
67	دموی	damavī; damawīī	Sanguine	Related to Blood (the humor)	Related to Blood (the humor)	View
68	بلغم	balgham; balġam	Phlegm	Phlegm (of the four humors)	One of the four humors; natural phlegm is white and mildly sweet, and of cold and wet quality. It can transform into Blood when necessary, nourishes some organs such as brain, lubricates joints and moisturizes organs. Unnatural phlegm can be divided into varieties according to taste, form and consistency.	View
69	بلغمی	balghami; balġamīī	Phlegmatic	Related to Phlegm	Related to Phlegm	View
70	صفرا	safrā; ṣafrā	Chole	Yellow bile (of the four humors)	One of the four humors; natural chole (yellow bile) is the froth of blood; it is yellowish red, light, of hot and dry quality, and has a sharply strong taste. A part of it flows with blood and the other flows to the gall bladder. It assists the flow of blood through narrow vessels and is responsible for the nutrition of organs such as the lungs, and stimulates passing of urine and stool. Unnatural bile can be divided into varieties according to taste, odor, color and consistency.	View
71	صفراوی	safrāvī; ṣafrāwīī	Choleric	Related to Chole	Related to Chole	View
72	سودا	sodā; sawdā	Melanchole	Black bile (of the four humors)	One of the four humors; natural melanchole (black bile or atrabile) is the sediment of blood, with a taste between sweet and astringent, and of cold and dry quality. It is stored in the spleen. It is responsible for the nutrition of such organs as the bones, contributes to the consistency of the blood, and stimulates the appetite. Unnatural atrabile is produced by the effect of excessive or insufficient heat on various humors.	View
73	سوداوی	sodāvī; sawdāwīī	Melancholic	Related to Melanchole		View
74	قوبا	qūbā’; qawbā'	Qūbā’	A spectrum of dry and coarse skin conditions	A skin condition with dryness and coarseness and severe pruritus as its symptoms. Based on the responsible humor, the color of the lesion can be red, yellowish white or dark. Its description in TPM sources closely resembles eczema, various dermitites and psoriasis. Qūbā' in children can resemble atopic dermatitis. The secretions, if present, would be non-purulent.	View
75	عروق غلاظ	orūq-e ghelāz	Thick Vessels	Main pathways for the transfer of matter	Pathways responsible for transfer of matter in the body, in physiologic or pathologic conditions, along membranes including fascias, or as a part of the vascular, neural, and especially lymphatic systems.	View
76	سبب	sabab; sabab	Cause	Agent of health or disease	It is an agent (whether from inside or outside the body) that generates a new state (whether health or disease).	View
77	بَخور	bakhūr; baḫūr	bakhūr; baḫūr	Medicinal smoke or vapor	A medicine which is burned or boiled to produce smoke or vapor for medicinal purposes.	View
78	بُخور	bokhūr; buḫūr	bokhūr; buḫūr	Burning or boiling (of bakhūr)	Burning or boiling a substance for medical use of its smoke or vapor, respectively.	View
79	صداع	sodā'; ṣudā‘	Headache	Headache	Pain in the head	View
80	فصد	fasd; faṣd	Phlebotomy	Incising of blood vessel, venesection	Incising blood vessels to evacuate blood for medical purposes	View
81	رادع	rāde'; rādi‘	Restraining agent	medicine that restrains through condensation	A medicine that prevents the inpouring of morbid matter to organs through condensation (by virtue of its coldness and astringency) of the organ and/or the matter flowing into it.	View
82	قابض	qābez; qābiḍ	Astringent	Contracting medicine; astringent taste	1. medicine that shrinks the parts of organs and contracts tissues, resulting in blockage of ducts and/or retention of matter. 2. one of the nine tastes, creating a sense of contraction through shrinking of oral mucous membrane.	View
83	استسقا	estesqā'; istisqā'	Dropsy	diseases caused by accumulation of aquous, ventose or viscous matter	A group of diseases that occur due to the accummulation of aquous, ventose or viscous matter within/between tissues or organs; it has three types: general dropsy, abdominal dropsy, tympanic dropsy.	View
84	استسقای لحمی	estesqā-ye lahmī	General dropsy, hyposcara, general pitting edema	Accumulation of viscous matter in flesh, a type of anasarca	Accumulation of (primarily) viscous matter in flesh, causing flabbiness, puffiness and pitting edema in the organ/tissue.	View
85	استسقای زقی	estesqā-ye zeqqī	Abdominal dropsy, ascites	Accumulation of aqueous matter in peritoneal space	Accumulation of (primarily) aqueous matter in peritoneal space, causing heaviness and distention in the abdomen.	View
86	استسقای طبلی	estesqā-ye tablī	Tympanitic dropsy, tympanites	Accumulation of ventose matter in the abdomen	Accumulation of (primarily) ventose matter in the abdomen, causing its distention and a tympanic sound upon percussion.	View
87	روح طبی	rūḥ-e tebbī	Medical Pneuma			View
88	احتباس و استفراغ	ehtebās va estefrāgh	Retention and Evacuation	One of The Six Essentials	It is one of The Six Essentials, related to the retention of essential matter in and evacuation of waste matter from the body.	View
89	استفراغ	estefrāgh; istifrāġ	Evacuation	Clearing the body of waste matter	Expulsion of waste materials in natural manner (e.g. intercourse) or through medical interventions either via available options (e.g. vomit or sweat) or by newly created ways (e.g. venesection).	View
90	احتباس	ehtebās; iḥtibās	Retention	Keeping of matter in the body	Keeping of matter in the body as reserving (natural) or confinement (unnatural)	View
91	سهر	sahar; sahar	Insomnia	Insomnia	The state of not being able to sleep as a disorder, i.e. Insomnia.	View
92	انصباب	ensebāb; inṣibāb	Inpouring	Pouring in of matter	Pouring of matter in an organ from a superior organ which is usually stronger and/or placed above.	View
93	حقنه	hoqne; ḥuqna	Enema	Injection into rectum or uterus	A method for expulsion of matter through insertion of a fluid into the rectum or the uterus	View
94	ملطف	molattef; mulaṭṭif	Attenuant	Disintegrating agent	A medicine that, by virtue of its moderate heat, disintegrates thick / dense matter, rendering it dilute and porous.	View
95	مراق	merāq; mirāqq	Abdominal wall	Abdominal wall	Abdominal wall including skin and the connective tissues below it	View
96	مصلح	mosleh; muṣliḥ	Ameliorator	Modifying agent	An agent that ameliorates foods and drugs: either by resolving its harm, strenghtening its function, maintaining its potency, breaking its pungency, or by conveying medicine to organs to which drug delivery is difficult.	View
97	قرحه	qarhe; qarḥa	Ulcer	Purulent wound	An infected purulent wound	View
98	قبض	qabz; qabḍ	1. Contraction 2. Astringency	1. Contraction 2. Astringency	Contraction of tissue; quality of an astringent agent	View
99	زحیر	zahīr; zaḥīr	zahīr	Proctitis accompanied by tenesmus	A condition accomapnied by tenesmus of the rectum for urgent expelling of stool, usually including excreation of mucous and sometimes blood.	View
100	نَطول	natūl; naṭūl	Pouring bath	(Liquid) medicine to pour over	A dosage form as a boiled medicine poured over an organ	View
101	نُطول	notūl; nuṭūl	Bathe by pouring	Pouring a (liquid) medicine	Application of a liquid medicine by pouring it over the body	View
102	مسام	masām; masām	Pores	Pores on body organs	Tiny openings on the surface of body organs through which the entering or exiting of certain materials is regulated.	View
103	نوع	no'; naw‘	Species	A class of similar individuals	The taxonomic unit ranking below a genus and including similar individuals	View
104	مفتح	mofatteh; mufattiḥ	Apertive	Deobstruent medicine, deoppilant	Medicine that is used to dissolve and move matter stagnant in the organs' ducts, pores and cavities out, in order to remove blockage	View
105	ریاضت	rīyāzat; rīyāḏa	Excercise	Physical activity requiring effort	Any volitional physical activity that can bring about hyperventilation, increased heartbeat, and blushing of skin, carried out to sustain or improve health	View
106	مجفف	mojaffef; muǧaffif	Desiccative	Drying agent	Any agent that removes moisture by attenuating and resolving it	View
107	قی	qey; qayy	Vomit	Throwing up	Ejection of matter from the stomach through the mouth	View
108	امتلا به حسب قوه	emtelā' be ḥasab-e qovve	Qualitative Plethora	Plethora caused by a change in quality of matter	A change in the quality or quantity of humors (or other bodily matters) in such a way that the signs of quality (i.e., quadruple qualities) intensification become evident in the body, without generating the physical effects of the increase in quantity, such as pressure and distension.	View
109	امتلا به حسب اوعیه	emtelā' be ḥasab-e aw‛īyye	Quantitative Plethora	Plethora caused by a change in quantity of matter	Filling of body cavities (e.g., vessels) due to an increase in the quantity of the humors (or other bodily matters) to the extent that generates physical signs of increase in quantity, such as pressure and distention (e.g., vascular distension).	View
110	سوء مزاج	sū'-e mezāj; sū' al-mizāǧ	Dystemperament	Pathological preponderance of one of the four qualities; Dyscrasia	The predominance of one or more of the four qualities (hotness, coldness, wetness, and dryness) over the temperament (Mizaj) of the organ/body in a way that affects its natural functioning.	View
111	سوء مزاج ساده	sū'-e mezāj-e sāde	Simple dystemperament	Dystemperament due to a change in quality	A change in the quality of the organ/body in a way that affects its natural functioning, without an increase in matter/humor.	View
112	سوء مزاج مادی	sū'-e mezāj-e māddī	Material dystemperament	Dystemperament due to an increase in the quantity of matter	A change in the quality of the organ/body due to an increase in matter/humor in a way that affects its natural functioning.	View
113	کمودت	komūdat; kumūdah	Swarthiness	Darkening of color	Mild darkening and dullness in color	View
114	بحران	boḥrān; buḥrān	Crisis	Abrupt change towards recovery or worsening (of disease)	A state in which an abrupt change occurs in the course of the disease either in the direction of recovery or worsening.	View
115	احتقان	eḥteqān; iḥtiqān	Congestion	Abnormal retention	Abnormal retention of matter in the body	View
116	دوار	dovār; duwār	Vertigo	A feeling of spinning	A state in which one feels that either oneself or one's surroundings are spinning resulting in imbalance.	View
117	سدر	sadar; sadar	Blackout dizziness	Lightheadedness	Lightheadedness (usually when getting up) which can result in vertigo and falling.	View
118	ربو	rabv; rabw	Rabw	Dyspnea on exertion	Dyspnea on exertion, struggling to breathe in such conditions as asthma and COPD	View
119	تریاق	teryāq; tiryāq	Theriac	Antidote tonic	A health-maintaining tonic medication that acts as antidote to various poisons by strengthening the innate heat.	View
120	غمز	ghamz; ġamz	Ghamz	Pressure point massage	Of manual therapies in which pressure is applied to specific points on the body	View
121	دلک	dalk; dalk	Massage	Rubbing a body surface	Of manual therapies in which a certain surface of the body is rubbed	View
122	نکس	noks; nuks	Exacerbation	Flaring up of the disease during convalescence	Flaring up of the disease during convalescence and before a full recovery is obtained	View
123	عود	‛od; ‛awd	Relapse	Recurrence of the disease	Recurrence of the disease	View
124	سوء هاضمه	sū'-e hāḍeme	See sū'-e haḍm			View
125	سوء هضم	sū'-e haḍm	Impaired digestion	Impaired digestion, a type of indigestion/maldigestion	A type of dyspepsia in which digestion does not occur properly and the food acquires abnormal qualities in the stomach	View
126	فساد هضم	fesād-e haḍm	Corruption of Digestion; See sū'-e haḍm			View
127	نقصان هضم	noghṣān-e haḍm	Incomplete Digestion	Incomplete Digestion	A type of dyspepsia in which digestion does not occur completely and parts of food remain undigested in the stomach	View
128	ضعف هضم	ḍa‛f-e haḍm	Weakness of Digestion, See noghṣān-e haḍm			View
129	بطلان هضم	boṭlān-e haḍm	Apepsia	Absence of Digestion	A type of dyspepsia in which there is a total lack of digestion and all of the food remains undigested in the stomach	View
130	تخمه	tokhame; tuḫama	Apepsia, See boṭlān-e haḍm			View
131	منقی	monaqqīī; munaqqīī	Cleansing (adj); Cleanser (n.)	Medicine that cleanses	A medicine that cleanses the organ from waste matter	View
132	منقی	monaqqā; munaqqā	Cleansed	Cleared of waste matter	What has been cleared of waste matter, like seeded raisins	View
133	صدید	ṣadīd; ṣadīd	Ichor	Watery discharge from purulent wound	A mixture of watery discharge and blood that exudes from purulent wounds	View
134	قولنج	qulanj; qūlanǧ	Colic	A painful obstruction of the large intestine	A painful condition of the large intestine caused by its obstruction	View
135	ایلاوس	īlā'us; 'īlā'ūs	'īlā'ūs	A painful obstruction of the small intestine	A painful condition of the small intestine that results from its obstruction; Compare qūlanǧ	View
136	مفرح	mofarreḥ; mufarriḥ	Exhilarant	A tonic medicine that causes exhilaration and elimination of sadness	A medicine that exhilarates and eliminates sadness by tempering the temperament, attenuating humors and moving pneuma and blood to the surface of the body. Used moderately, it is a tonic for the heart and the brain.	View
137	سحنه	saḥna; saḥna	Mien	The external state of the body and face	The form and appearance of the body and face from which the quality of the make-up of the body (in terms of being fat/slim, loose/robust) can be discerned.	View
138	شبق	šabaq; šabaq	Lechery	Excess of lust	Excess of sexual desire	View
139	قیح	qaiḥ; qaiḥ	Pus	Purulent excretion from a wound	A thick, runny and purulent excretion that exudes from a wound and is not mixed with blood.	View
140	فاتر	fāter; fātir	Lukewarm	Moderately warm	Anything (mainly water) that is moderately warm	View
141	کلف	kalaf; kalaf	Melasma	Hyperpigmented patchy lesion	Darkness of skin color (mainly on the face) in the form of hyperpigmented patches of small sesame-like spots and mostly not accompanied by obvious roughness or dryness. It originates from putrid, burnt blood.	View
142	نمش	namash; namaš	Macule	Reddish speckled lesion	Flat, red speckled lesions caused by melancholic blood.	View
143	برش	barash; baraš	Lentigo	Black papular spot lesion	Raised, black speckled lesions resulting from melancholic blood.	View
144	بهق ابیض	bahaq-e abyaḍ; bahaq abyaḍ	White Bahaq	Round or oval hypopigmented lesions	White flat lesions with fine sclaes resulting from thin matter that might include a range of skin disroders such as curable white Baraṣ, vitiligo, Tinea versicolor, and pitryasis alba.	View
145	بهق اسود	bahaq-e asvad; bahaq aswad	Black Bahaq	Round or oval hyperpigmented lesions	Dark flat non-scaling lesions resulting from melanchole (black bile) that might include a range of skin disorders such as curable black Baraṣ, Tinea versicolor, pityriasis nigra, etc.	View
146	برص ابیض	baraṣ-e abyaḍ; baraṣ abyaḍ	White Baraṣ	Vitiligo	White flat non-scaling lesions resulted from the phlegm humor, where the hair color turns to white and might include a range of skin disorders such as Tinea versicolor, pitryasis alba, etc.	View
147	برص اسود	baraṣ-e asvad; baraṣ aswad	Black Baraṣ	Scaling Qūbā		View
148	قوبا	qūbā; qūbā	Qūbā	Red or black rough lesions	Red or black rough lesions accompanied by itching and pain that might include a range of skin disorders such as psoriasis, dermatophytosis, etc.	View
149	هیضه	hayḍa; hayḍa	Hayḍa	Acute concommitant diarrhea and vomiting	Acute concommitant diarrhea and vomiting resembling gastroentritis	View
150	نفث	nafth; nafṯ	Sputum	Phlegm expectorated from the respiratory tracts	Phlegm expectorated from the respiratory tracts	View
151	نفث الدم	nafth al-damm; nafṯ ad-damm	Hemoptysis	Bloody sputum	Expectoration of blood originating from the respiratory tract	View
152	کیفیات اربعه	keyfīyyat-e arba‛e; kayfīyyāt arba‛a	Quadruple qualities	Quadruple qualities	Primary qualitites of bodies in terms of hotness, coldness, wetness and dryness	View
153	فساد	fesād; fisād	Putrefaction	Decay and impairment of organs	Decay in and destruction of organs or natural quality of the matter, or impairment in the natural functioning of the body or organs	View
154	وجع	vaja‛; waǧa‛	Pain	Unpleasant discomfort	Highly unpleasant discomfort caused by illness or injury	View
155	الم	alam; 'alam	Discomfort	Unpleasant sensory experience	A range of unpleasant sensations such as pain, itching, burning, distension, etc.	View
156	سبات	sobāt; subāt	Hypersomnia	Excessive deep sleep	Excessive deep sleep, from which one is awakened only with difficulty	View
157	سهر	sahar; sahar	1. Insomnia 2. Night Vigilance	1. Insomnia 2. Deliberate wakefulness	1. Exessive sleep deprivation 2. Deliberate nocturnal wakefulness	View
158	لاذع	lādhe‛; lāḏi‛	Irritant	Stinging agent	A medication or matter that penetrates the organs and tears some tiny parts of the organ apart, causing a sensation of stinging	View
159	لذع	ladh‛; laḏ‛	Irritation	Stinging caused by an irritant	The sensation of stinging caused by a medication or matter that is irritant	View
160	مسخن	mosakhkhen; musaḫḫin	Calefacient	Heating agent	A heating agent for temperament	View
161	سرطان	saraṭān; saraṭān	1. Crab 2. Cancer (zodiac sign) 3. Cancer	1. Crab 2. Cancer (zodiac sign) 3. Cancer	1. Crab 2. The fourth zodiac sign, namely cancer 3. A hard, progressive tumefaction caused by combustion of humors, which resembles a crab, having a central mass and peripheral extensions	View
162	مشارکت	moshārekat; mušāraka	Reciprocation	Mutual interaction of organs	Bilateral relation of two organs resulting in them mutually affecting one another's function	View
163	بیماری مشارکتی	bīmārī-ye moshārekatī	Reciprocatory disease	Disease in an organ due to disease in another	A disease in an organ due to dysfunction in or disease of its reciprocatory organ	View
164	بیماری شرکی	bīmārī-ye sherkī	Shared disease; See Reciprocatory disease			View
165	مجاورت	mojāverat; muǧāwara	Adjacency	Anatomic proximity	Anatomic proximity between two organs resulting in them affecting each other's function	View
166	محاذات	moḥādhāt; muḥāḏāt	Parallelism	Physioanatomic alignment	Either alignment or a combination of reciprocation and similarity between two organs due to their physioanatomic state	View
167	معجون	ma‛jūn; ma‛ǧūn	Electuary	Kneaded medicine	A paste-like dosage form kneaded from powdered medications and honey, sugar or pastes	View
168	لعوق	la‛ūq; la‛ūq	Linctus	Medicine licked off the finger	A compound dosage form with a consistentcy between electuary and syrup which would be licked off the finger, so that it would gradually affect the larynx and trachea	View
169	مقطع	muqaṭṭi‛; muqaṭṭi‛	Extricant	A medicine that separates and expels tenacious humor	A medicine that, by virture of its heat and tenuity penetrates in between a tenacious humor and the surface of the organ to which it adheres and helps in its expulsion, without any meddling with its consistency	View
170	ورم	varam; waram	Tumefaction	Mass or abnormal growth in a tissue or organ	Any mass or unnatural growth in a tissue or organ caused by inflow of matter, which can also include inflammation	View
171	مالیخولیا	mālīkhūliyā; mālīḫūliyā	Melancholia	A melancholic psychiatric disorder	A disease caused by the predominance of melanchole or combustion of humors, resulting in cognitive and/or mood disorders due to impairment in the functioning of the brain	View
172	مبدرق	mobadreq; mubadriq	Convoy (n.)	An agent that convoys a medicine to its target	A medicine that facilitates and accelerates the penetration of a matter into the target organ, by virture of breaking up its pieces while maintaining the potency of the matter and protecting it against digestion	View
173	سده	Sodde; Sudda	Obstruction	Closing of ducts or apertures	The closing of ducts or apertures resulting in disturbances in the transfer and exchange of materials.	View
174	قامع	qāme‛; qāmi‛	Supressant	Supressing agent	An agent that subjugates and supresses	View
175	نزف الدم	nazf al-damm; nazf al-damm	Hemorrhage	Internal or external bleeding	Any bleeding, either internal or external	View
176	مدر	moderr; mudirr	Fluid expellant	Medicine that expels fluid matter	A medication that expels fluid matter through urine (a diuretic), menses, sweat, or milk	View
177	حیض	ḥeyḍ; ḥayḍ	1. Menses 2. Menstruation	1. Menstrual discharge 2. Menstrual cycle	1. The blood discharged from the uterus through the vagina during menstruation 2. A cyclical discharging of blood, secretions, and tissue debris from the uterus that recurs in nonpregnant women	View
178	تخلخل	takhalkhol; taḫalḫul	Rarefaction	Reduction in tissue density	Reduction in the density of body tissues due to generation of space between their particles with or without the entrance of a thin matter into the tissue	View
179	انعاش	en‛āsh; in‛āš	Enlivening	Tonification of the body	Effective tonification of the body (pneuma, faculties or innate heat) through Health Preservation or treatments leading to a significant increase in the speed and intensity of the desired improvements.	View
180	ذبول	dhobūl; ḏubūl	Emaciation	Abnormal thinness of the body	Abnormal thinness and dryness of the body or organs caused by dissolution of radical moisture	View
181	ذبول دقی	dhobū-e deqqī	Hectic Emaciation	Abnormal thinness of the body caused by hectic fever	Abnormal thinness and dryness of the body or organs caused by the dissolution of both radical and secondary moisture caused by hectic fever	View
182	تب دق	tab-e deqq	Hectic Fever	Prolonged fever that makes the body thin and dry	Prolonged fever that heats the substance of the organs leading to thinness and dryness of the body	View
183	هزال	hozāl; huzāl	Slimness	The state of being slim	The state of being slim	View
184	نمو	nemov; numūw	Growth	Growth	Growth; the opposite of emaciation	View
185	سمن	seman; siman	Corpulence	The state of being fat	The state of being fat; the opposite of slimness	View
186	سمن	samn; samn	Ghee	Butter from animal milk	Fat or butter made from milk	View
187	سمین	samīn; samīn	Subcutaneous fat	Subcutaneous fat	Fat that is located under the skin in the subcutaneous tissue.	View
188	شحم	shaḥm; šaḥm	Visceral fat	Visceral fat	Fat that is located inside the body on and around the internal organs.	View
189	اختناق	ekhtenāq; iḫtīnāq	Suffocation	Asphyxation caused by obstruction in respiratory tracts	Asphyxation caused by obstruction in respiratory tracts	View
190	اختناق رحم	ekhtenāq-e raḥem	Hysteria	A uterine disease caused by uterine laxity and retention of the menses and semen	A uterine disease, literally "suffocation of uterus", caused by uterine laxity and retention of the menses and semen in which most motor faculties are suspended and a state similar to seizure and syncope occurs.	View
191	خفقان	khafaqān; ḫafaqān	Palpitation	Pounding heart	Abnormal movements in the heart which are felt as fast beating or pounding	View
192	کماد	kemād; kimād	Dry poultice	Heated medicine topically applied	A solid or semi-solid matter that is heated and applied to the body.	View
193	تکمید	takmīd; takmīd	Dry poultice (v.)	Application of dry poultice	Local heating of the organ using dry poultice	View
194	هاضمه	hāḍeme; hāḍima	Digestive (faculty)	Digestive ability	One of the four natural faculties denoting the ability of the organ in the transformation of matter to humor or humor to organ.	View
195	جاذبه	jādhebe; ǧāḏiba	Attractive (faculty)	Attractive ability	One of the four natural faculties denoting the ability of the organ in the absorption of beneficial matter.	View
196	دافعه	dāfe‛e; dāfi‛a	Expulsive (faculty)	Expulsive ability	One of the four natural faculties denoting the ability of the organ in the expulsion of waste matter.	View
197	ماسکه	māseke; māsika	Retentive (faculty)	Retentive ability	One of the four natural faculties denoting the ability of the organ in retainig beneficial matter.	View
198	جوشانده	jūshande	Decoction	Boiled materia medica	A dosage form resulting from boiling of single or multiple materia medica	View
199	دم کرده	damkarde	Brew (n.)	Steeped materia medica	A dosage form resulting from steeping of single or multiple materia medica in hot or boiling water	View
200	نقوع	naqū‛; naqū‛	Infusion	Infused materia medica	A dosage form resulting from maceration of single or multiple materia medica in room-temperature water	View